[Federal Register: March 18, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 52)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 12981-13141]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr18mr03-18]
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Part II
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Service
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations and
Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the
Island of Molokai, Hawaii; Final Rule
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH08
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations
and Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the
Island of Molokai, HI
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate
critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 41 of 51 listed species known historically from the
Hawaiian island of Molokai. A total of approximately 9,843 hectares
(24,333 acres) of land on Molokai fall within the boundaries of the 88
critical habitat units designated for these 41 species. This critical
habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of
the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic
and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as
critical habitat. This rule also determines that designating critical
habitat would not be prudent for one species, Pritchardia munroi. We
solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the
proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the
designation.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on April 17, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile
808/541-3470).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12),
there are 51 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the island of Molokai (Table 1).
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 51 Species From Molokai
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Island distribution
Species (common name) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe, Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)... C H C R R C ..............................
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)............. C C C ........... C ........... ..............................
Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau)................ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Bonamia menziesii (No common name)........ C C H C C C ..............................
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)................ ........... ........... C H H ........... ..............................
Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)............. C C C C C ........... ..............................
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
wai).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)............... H C C C C H ..............................
Cyanea dunbarii (haha).................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha).. ........... C C C C ........... ..............................
Cyanea mannii (haha)...................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyanea procera (haha)..................... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)............ C C H H ........... ........... Ni (C)
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia). C C C H C C ..............................
Diplazium molokaiense (No common name).... H H H H C ........... ..............................
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)................ ........... C H ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame).......... C C H ........... C C ..............................
Hedyotis mannii (pilo).................... ........... ........... C C C ........... ..............................
Hesperomannia arborescens (No common name) ........... C C H C ........... ..............................
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
(kokio keokeo).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)..... H C H C C C Ka (R)
Ischaemum byroneHilo ischaemum)........... R ........... C ........... C ........... ..............................
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula). H H H H H C Ni (H)
Labordia triflora (kamakahala)............ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Lysimachia maxima (No common name)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Mariscus fauriei (No common name)......... ........... ........... C H ........... C ..............................
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi)................ ........... C C ........... ........... ........... Ni (H)
Melicope mucronulata (alani).............. ........... ........... C ........... C ........... ..............................
Melicope munroi (alani)................... ........... ........... H C ........... ........... ..............................
Melicope reflexa (alani).................. ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Neraudia sericea (No common name)......... ........... ........... C H C ........... Ka (H)
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)............ C C C ........... C ........... ..............................
Phyllostegia mannii (No common name)...... ........... ........... C ........... H ........... ..............................
Phyllostegia mollis (No common name)...... ........... C H ........... C ........... ..............................
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)....... C C C ........... C H ..............................
Platanthera holochila (No common name).... C H C ........... C ........... ..............................
Pritchardia munroi (loulu)................ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Pteris lidgatei (No common name).......... ........... C H ........... C ........... ..............................
Schiedea lydgatei (No common name)........ ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
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Schiedea nuttallii (No common name)....... C C C ........... R ........... ..............................
Schiedea sarmentosa (No common name)...... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Sesbania, tomentosa (ohai)................ C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)
Silene alexandri (No common name)......... ........... ........... H ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Silene lanceolata (No common name)........ H C C H ........... C ..............................
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)....... H ........... H ........... H H C
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name).. C C C C C C ..............................
Stenogyne bifida (No common name)......... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Tetramolopium rockii (No common name)..... ........... ........... C ........... ........... ........... ..............................
Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name)........ ........... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)............... C ........... C H C C ..............................
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KEY: C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)--reported
from undocumented observations.
Sixteen of these species are endemic to the island of Molokai,
while 35 species are reported from Molokai and one or more other
Hawaiian islands. Each of these species is described in more detail
below in the section ``Discussion of Plant Taxa.'' Although we
considered designating critical habitat on Molokai for each of the 51
plant species, for the reasons described below, the final designation
includes critical habitat for 41 of 51 plant species. Species that also
occur on other Hawaiian islands may have critical habitat designated on
those other islands in subsequent rulemakings.
The Island of Molokai
The island of Molokai, the fifth largest in the Hawaiian Islands
chain, is approximately 61 kilometers (km) (38 miles (mi)) long, up to
17 km (10 mi) wide, and encompasses an area of about 688 square (sq) km
(266 sq mi). Three shield volcanoes make up most of the land mass of
Molokai: West Molokai Mountain, East Molokai Mountain, and a volcano
that formed Kalaupapa Peninsula.
The taller and larger East Molokai Mountain rises 1,813 meters (m)
(4,970 feet (ft)) above sea level and comprises roughly 50 percent of
the island's area. Topographically, the windward (north) side of East
Molokai differs from the leeward (south) side. Precipitous cliffs line
the windward coast and deep valleys dissect the coastal area. The
annual rainfall on the windward side is 200 to over 375 centimeters
(cm) (75 to over 150 inches (in)), distributed throughout the year. The
soils are poorly drained and high in organic matter. The gulches and
valleys are usually very steep, but sometimes gently sloping. Much of
the native vegetation on windward East Molokai is intact because of its
relative inaccessibility to humans and animals, although destructive
ungulates have begun to enter the area in recent years.
Discussion of Plant Taxa
Species Endemic to Molokai
Bidens wiebkei (kookoolau)
Bidens wiebkei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
short-lived perennial herb, which is somewhat woody at the base and
grows from 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall with opposite, pinnately
compound leaves. This plant is distinguished from other Bidens species
that grow on Molokai by its erect habit and the curved or twisted,
winged achenes (Ganders and Nagata 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species has been observed in flower during May. Little else is
known about the life history of Bidens wiebkei. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. (Hawaii
Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000, United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) 1996a).
Historically, Bidens wiebkei was known from Pelekunu and the
easternmost section of Molokai at Halawa. It is found currently in
Halawaiki Gulch, Lamaloa Gulch, and below Puu Kolekole on private
lands. There are a total of 5 occurrences containing more than 200
individuals (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000,
HINHP Database 2000).
The currently known populations of Bidens wiebkei are scattered
along slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) dominated mesic
shrublands or dry or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptechophylla
tameiameiae (pukiawe) lowland shrubland between 8 and 1,205 m (26 and
3,952 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Lysimachia sp.
(kolokolo kuahiwi), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Phyllanthus
distichus (pamakani mahu), Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Psydrax odorata
(alahee), or Scaevola gaudichaudii (naupaka kuahiwi) (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999, Ganders and Nagata 1999, HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Bidens wiebkei include habitat degradation and
possible predation by axis deer (Axis axis) and feral goats (Capra
hircus); competition with nonnative plants, such as Melinus minutiflora
(molasses grass) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); fire;
and damage by humans of those plants found along trails (HINHP Database
2000, 57 FR 46325).
Canavalia molokaiensis (awikiwiki)
Canavalia molokaiensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae),
is a short-lived perennial climbing herb with twining branches and
leaves made up of three lance-shaped or sometimes oval leaflets. The
only species of this genus found on Molokai, this plant can be
distinguished from others in the genus by its more narrow leaflets and
its larger, rose-purple flowers (Wagner and Herbst 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species has been observed in flower during May and December.
Fruits and flowers were observed in March. Little else is known about
the life history of Canavalia molokaiensis. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and
[[Page 12984]]
limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Canavalia molokaiensis was known from East Molokai at
Kalaupapa, Pelekunu, and farther south in Kahuaawi Gulch, and in the
region of Manawai. It now has a more restricted range, from Kalaupapa
to Waialeia, Kaunakakai, Pelekunu, and Kamakou. There are a total of 7
occurrences containing more than 50 plants on State lands, including
lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park, and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Canavalia molokaiensis typically grows in exposed sites, both dry
and mesic, on steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa
lowland shrubland and mesic shrublands between 271 and 1,140 m (889 and
3,739 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Artemisia sp.
(hinahina), Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, or Wikstroemia sp. (akia) (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species include habitat degradation by feral
ungulates, such as feral goats and pigs (Sus scrofa), possible
predation by feral goats, and competition with nonnative plants, such
as Melinis minutiflora (Service 1996a).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes (oha wai)
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, a member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived perennial shrub or tree that
reaches a height of 2 to 7 m (6.6 to 23 ft). This species is
distinguished from others in the genus by the structure of its calyx
and corolla, as well as by the lengths of the flower, the floral lobes,
and the green hypanthium (base of flower). This subspecies differs from
others of the species by the shape and length of its leaves, leaf
stalks, and flower stalks (Lammers 1988, 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. brevipes. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes is known from five
individuals on the privately owned land of the Nature Conservancy of
Hawaii's (TNCH) Pelekunu Preserve. The historical range of this
subspecies is not known (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; Joel Lau,
HINHP, in litt. 2000).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes occurs in shallow soil on
gulch slopes in the wet Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated forests
between 776 and 1,508 m (2,545 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated
plant species include Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Cheirodendron
trigynum (olapa), Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Hedyotis terminalis (manono),
or Melicope sp. (alani) (HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP, in litt.
2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by
feral pigs; possible predation on the fruit or plant parts by rats
(Rattus rattus), as evidence on related species suggests; and random
naturally occurring events that may cause the extinction of the entire
species due to the very small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57
FR 46325).
Cyanea dunbarii (haha)
Cyanea dunbarii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a short-lived perennial, branched shrub 1.5 to 2 m (4.9 to 6.6 ft)
tall with oval to broadly elliptic leaves that have irregularly lobed
or cleft margins. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the lack of prickles on the stems and the
irregularly lobed and cleft leaf margins (Lammers 1999).
Cyanea dunbarii has been observed in flower, with immature fruit,
in September. Little is known about the life history of Cyanea
dunbarii. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1998a).
Cyanea dunbarii was collected in 1918 at Waihanau and Waialae
Valleys, and was not observed again until 1992, when Joel Lau of HINHP
found it in Mokomoko Gulch on State-owned land within Molokai Forest
Reserve. Currently it is known from one occurrence of approximately 30
mature plants at an elevation of 671 m (2,200 ft) (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; 61 FR 53130; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical
Garden (NTBG), in litt. 2000).
Cyanea dunbarii occurs on a streambank in a mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe)-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest
on moderate to steep slopes between 191 and 1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft)
in elevation. Associated species include Charpentiera obovata (papala),
Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia kakeana (ohawai), Diplazium
sandwichianum (hoio), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Perrottetia
sandwicensisr (olomea), or Pipturus albidus (mamaki) (HINHP Database
2000, Service 1998a).
The major threats to Cyanea dunbarii on Molokai are competition
with the non-native plants Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush),
Commelina diffusa (honohono), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane),
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), or Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry);
catastrophic extinction by naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or flooding; reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of individuals; predation by rats as rats are known to be in the
area and are known to eat stems and fruits of other species of Cyanea;
and habitat degradation and predation by axis deer and pigs (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, Service 1998a).
Cyanea mannii (haha)
Cyanea mannii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a branched, short-lived perennial shrub 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft) tall
with narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped leaves. This species is
distinguished from the seven other species of the genus on Molokai by a
combination of the following characteristics: a branched, woody habit;
leaves with small, hardened, marginal teeth; and a purplish corolla
(Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).
Cyanea mannii has been observed in flower during July. Little is
known about the life history of Cyanea mannii. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea mannii was known only from Kalae on East
Molokai. In 1984, a single plant was discovered by Joan Aidem on
privately owned land west of Puu Kolekole on East Molokai. Since then,
seven additional occurrences have been discovered in the east and west
forks of Kawela Gulch on privately owned land on East Molokai and
within the State's Molokai Forest Reserve. These 8 occurrences contain
approximately 200 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; Service 1996a; Ken Wood, NTBG,
in litt. 2000).
This species typically grows on the sides of deep gulches in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane mesic forests between 191 and
1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Dicranopteris linearis, Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), or Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, Lammers 1999, Service 1996a).
Threats to Cyanea mannii are habitat degradation by feral pigs;
predation by rats, which may feed on the fruit or other parts of the
plant, as suggested by
[[Page 12985]]
evidence from related species; and catastrophic extinction through
naturally occurring events due to this species few occurrences and
small number of individuals (Service 1996a).
Cyanea procera (haha)
Cyanea procera, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a palm-like, short-lived perennial tree 3 to 9 m (10 to 30 ft) tall.
It has stalkless, lance-shaped leaves 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long
and 10 to 17 cm (3.9 to 6.7 in) wide with tiny hardened teeth along the
margins. This species can be distinguished from other species of the
genus by its growth habit, its stalkless leaves, and the single-lipped
appearance of the corolla (Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea procera. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Cyanea procera was known only from an unspecified
site in the Kamalo region of East Molokai. Currently, this species is
found on private land and the State's Puu Alii Natural Area Reserve
(NAR) with a total of 5 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
Cyanea procera is found on the walls of steep gulches in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated lowland mixed forests between 277 and
1,248 m (909 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Asplenium spp. (no common name (NCN)), Brousaissia arguta,
Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra macrocalyx
(haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia spp.,
Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), or Touchardia latifolia (olona)
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Threats to Cyanea procera are predation by rats (as suggested by
evidence on related species) and feral goats, habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs, habitat destruction through erosion, and
catastrophic extinction from naturally occurring events due to the
vulnerability of a few occurrences with a small number of individuals
(57 FR 46325).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (kokio keokeo)
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus, a member of the hibiscus
family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree up to 3 m (10 ft)
tall with alternate, oval, toothed leaves measuring 5 to 7 cm (2 to 2.8
in) long and 4 to 6.5 cm (1.6 to 2.6 in) wide. This subspecies is
distinguished from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by its
white petals and white staminal column (Bates 1999, 57 FR 46325).
This species was observed in flower during July. Little else is
known about the life history of Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus once ranged from Waihanau
Valley east to Papalaua Valley on East Molokai. Currently this species
is found west of Papalaua Valley on privately owned land and in the
State's Olokui NAR above Waiehu. There are a total of 3 occurrences
containing between 20 and 30 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus individuals are scattered
along steep sea cliffs in mesic forests between 8 and 1,014 m (26 and
3,326 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include
Athyrium spp. (akolea), Cyanea grimesiana (haha), Antidesma
platyphyllum, Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus spp. (mamaki), Psydrax
odorata, or Urera glabra (opuhe) (Bates 1999, HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Hibiscus arnottianus spp. immaculatus are
habitat destruction by feral goats and catastrophic extinction by
naturally occurring events due to the vulnerability of the three
occurrences and few individuals (Service 1996a).
Labordia triflora (kamakahala)
Labordia triflora, a short-lived perennial member of the logan
family (Loganiaceae), is similar to L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis,
except in the following characteristics: The stems of L. triflora are
climbing; the leaf stalks are only 1 to 3 millimeters (mm) (0.04 to 0.1
in) long; inflorescence stalks are 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 in) long; and
each flower stalk is 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1 in) long (Motley 1995).
The flowers of this species are functionally unisexual. Little else
is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Motley
1995, HINHP Database 2000).
Until 1990, Labordia triflora was known only from the type
collection at Mapulehu and was believed to be extinct. In 1990, Joel
Lau rediscovered the species in Kua Gulch on Molokai. Currently, only
10 individuals are known from one occurrence on privately owned land
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Motley 1995).
This species occurs on gulch slopes in mixed mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha forest, between 191 and 1,143 m (626 and 3,749 ft) in
elevation. Associated species include Coprosma sp., Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea lau nui), Nephrolepis exaltata (sword fern), Pouteria
sandwicensis (alaa), Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), or Tetraplasandra
hawaiensis (ohe ohe) (Motley 1995; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The threats to Labordia triflora include habitat degradation and
destruction by feral pigs and goats; predation by rats that eat seeds;
competition with the non-native plant species Schinus terebinthifolius;
catastrophic extinction through environmental events; and reduced
reproductive vigor due to the species' few occurrences and small number
of individuals (Motley 1995, 64 FR 48307).
Lysimachia Maxima (NCN)
Lysimachia maxima, a member of the primrose family (Primulaceae),
is a sprawling, short-lived perennial shrub with reddish-brown bark.
This species is differentiated from others in this genus by the leaves
borne in groups of 3, the broadest portion of the leaf located above
the middle, and rusty hairs that disappear with maturity (Wagner et al.
1999).
Flowers, buds, and immature fruit of Lysimachia maxima have been
observed in late May through July. Little is known about the life
history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a, 61 FR 53130).
Lysimachia maxima is only known from one occurrence containing
between 45 and 50 individuals on the rim of Pelekunu Valley near
Ohialele, on the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI
2000, HINHP Database 2000).
This species occurs in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest between 446 and 1,329 m (1,463 and 4,359
ft) in elevation. Associated species include Dubautia sp. (naenae),
Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (kawau), Psychotria sp. (kopiko), or
Vaccinium sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Lysimachia maxima are catastrophic extinction
from random environmental events (e.g., landslides); reduced
reproductive vigor
[[Page 12986]]
due to the small number of individuals in the only known occurrence;
and habitat degradation and/or predation by feral pigs and goats that
are known from adjacent areas (Service 1998a).
Melicope reflexa (alani)
Melicope reflexa, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 10 ft) tall with
short, yellowish-brown, short-lived hairs on new growth. Opposite
leaves with leaf stalks usually over 1 cm (0.4 in) long, larger leaves
and fruit, and partially fused sections of the capsule (fruit) separate
it from other species of the genus (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Melicope reflexa occurred from a ridge between
Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae to as far east as Halawa on East Molokai. The
3 remaining occurrences of fewer than a total of 1,000 individuals are
on State and private lands in Honomuni, the Wailau-Mapulehu summit
area, and Kukuinui Ridge in Wailau Valley (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
Melicope reflexa typically grows in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated forest with native trees, such as Cheirodendron sp. (olapa),
at elevations between 319 and 1,508 m (1,046 and 4,946 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Alyxia oliviformis
(maile), Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Freycinetia arborea, or Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha) (Stone et al.
1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Major threats to Melicope reflexa include habitat degradation and
predation by ungulates (axis deer and feral pigs); competition with the
non-native plant Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse); and catastrophic
extinction from environmental events due to this species' few
occurrences and small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57 FR
46325).
Pritchardia munroi (loulu)
Pritchardia munroi, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a
long-lived perennial tree about 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) tall. The leaves
are deeply divided into segments with long, drooping tips. This species
is distinguished from others of the genus by its relatively smooth
leaves; the grayish-brown hair on the inflorescence stalks, which are
shorter than the petioles (leaf stalks); and the small size of the
fruits (Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically and currently, Pritchardia munroi is found in leeward
East Molokai, above Kamalo, near Kapuaokoolau Gulch. The only known
wild individual is found on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000,
Read and Hodel 1999).
The only known wild individual grows near the base of a small
ravine in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptechophylla
tameiameiae shrubland at elevations between 189 and 1,205 m (619 and
3,952 ft). Associated plant species include Bidens menziesii
(kookoolau), Coprosma sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dubautia linearis
(naenae), Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe), Pseudognaphalium
sandwicensium (enaena), Sida fallax (ilima), or Wikstroemia sp. (Read
and Hodel 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Threats to the only known wild individual of Pritchardia munroi
include habitat degradation by ungulates (axis deer, goats, or pigs)
around its fenced exclosure, which prevents the establishment of
seedlings; predation of seeds by rats; and catastrophic extinction by
random environmental events (e.g., fire) due to its extreme rarity
(Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Schiedea lydgatei (NCN)
Schiedea lydgatei, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a low, hairless short-lived perennial with branched stems 10 to 40
cm (4 to 16 in) long that are woody at the base. The opposite, thin,
three-veined leaves with petioles and the smooth, open flower clusters
with relatively larger, green sepals separate this species from other
members of this endemic Hawaiian genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed with flowers and fruit in June.
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Schiedea lydgatei was found in Kalae, Poholua,
Makolelau, and Ohia Gulch on East Molokai. This species is now known
from 4 occurrences in a more restricted area in Makakupaia, Kawela, and
Makolelau. The 4 occurrences total more than 1,000 individuals on State
and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
This species is found along ridges in dry to mesic grassland,
shrubland, and forest with scattered native trees. It ranges in
elevation between 458 and 1,047 m (1,502 and 3,434 ft). Associated
plant species include Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha (Gagne and
Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Wagner et al. 1999).
The major threats to Schiedea lydgatei are habitat degradation by
feral ungulates; competition with the non-native plant species Melinus
minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental
events, primarily fire, because in this species' dry, windswept habitat
a single fire could potentially destroy a large part of the occurrence
(Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Schiedea sarmentosa (NCN)
Schiedea sarmentosa, a short-lived perennial herb of the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is a many-branched shrub. The opposite leaves
are slender, threadlike, and covered with dense, glandular hairs. The
flowers are female on some plants and bisexual on others. This species
differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its densely bushy
habit, leaf width, hairiness, and staminode (false stamen) length
(Wagner et al. 1999).
The population in Makolelau Gulch has a frequency of 31 percent
female plants. Based on analyses of pollen-ovule ratios, pollen size,
inflorescence structure, and comparison to other Schiedea species
tested in a wind tunnel, Schiedea sarmentosa could be wind-pollinated.
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998a).
Schiedea sarmentosa has been found in Kawela Gulch, Makolelau, and
Onini Gulch. Currently, only five occurrences are known to be extant on
private lands. Estimates of the total number of individuals have ranged
to over 1,000. An accurate count is difficult because this species
grows interspersed with Schiedea lydgatei (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000, Service 1998a).
Schiedea sarmentosa is typically found on steep or gentle to
moderate slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry
or mesic shrubland, or dry to mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and/or Diospyros sandwicensis, at elevations between 316 and
1,072 m (1,036 and 3,516 ft). Associated species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Bidens menziesii, Carex meyenii (NCN),
[[Page 12987]]
Chamaesyce sp., Chenopodium oahuense (aheahea), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea), Pleomele auwahiensis, Sida fallax, or
Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt.
2001).
Major threats to Schiedea sarmentosa include habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs, competition by the non-native plants Melinis
minutiflora and Ricinus communis (castor bean), and fire. The species
is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events due to the low number of occurrences (Service 1998a, 61 FR
53130).
Silene alexandri (NCN)
Silene alexandri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
an erect, short-lived perennial herb, 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) tall, and
woody at the base. The narrow, elliptic leaves are hairless except for
a fringe along the margins. Flowers are arranged in open clusters on
stalks. The hairless stems, flowering stalks, and sepals and the larger
flowers with white petals separate this species from other members of
the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Silene alexandri was known from Makolelau and Kamalo
on East Molokai. Recently, the single known occurrence, comprised of
fewer than 10 individuals, was reported to be extirpated in the wild.
However, individuals remain in cultivation (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2001).
The only known occurrence was found on moderate to steep slopes or
cliffs in dry forest at an elevation between 316 and 1,073 m (1,036 and
3,519 ft). Associated plant species include Bidens menziesii, Carex
wahuensis (NCN), Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Schiedea spp. (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Threats to Silene alexandri include habitat degradation by feral
goats, possible predation by goats and cattle (Bos taurus), and
catastrophic extinction through random environmental events, of which
the most serious is fire (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Stenogyne bifida (NCN)
Stenogyne bifida, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing, short-lived perennial herb, with smooth or
slightly hairy, four-angled stems. The long, narrow calyx teeth and the
deep lobe in the upper lip of the yellow corolla separate this species
from others of the genus (Weller and Sakai 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically, Stenogyne bifida was known from scattered occurrences
from Waianui in central Molokai to Pukoo Ridge on East Molokai. This
species is now known from only 5 East Molokai occurrences totaling
fewer than 10 individuals on Manawai-Kahananui Ridge on private lands;
on Kolo Ridge, at Kamoku Flats; and on the east fork of Kawela Gulch on
the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000).
Stenogyne bifida typically grows on gulch slopes in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane mesic to wet forest with native species
such as Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium sp.,
Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis
hillebrandii (manono), Hedyotis sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Vaccinium sp.,
or Wikstroemia sp. at elevations between 336 and 1,300 m (1,102 and
4,264 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The most pervasive threat to this species is habitat degradation by
ungulates (axis deer, goats, and pigs) (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Tetramolopium rockii (NCN)
Tetramolopium rockii, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is
a glandular, hairy, prostrate short-lived perennial shrub that forms
complexly branching mats. The species has been divided into two
varieties in the most recent treatment of this genus in Hawaii. Leaves
of T. rockii var. calcisabulorum have slightly inrolled edges and are
whitish due to the long silky hairs on their surfaces, whereas var.
rockii has smaller, less hairy, flat, yellowish-green leaves. This
species differs from others of the genus by its growth habit, its hairy
and glandular surfaces, its spatulate leaf shape, and its yellow disk
florets (Lowrey 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Of the two recognized varieties of Tetramolopium rockii, var.
rockii was first discovered at Moomomi about 80 years ago and is still
extant in that area. Tetramolopium rockii var. rockii is found in four
areas from Kalawao to Kahinaakalani, Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, and
Moomomi to Kahinaakalani. Tetramolopium rockii var. calcisabulorum is
only reported from Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, intergrading with var.
rockii where their ranges overlap. The total number of individuals of
both varieties in the 4 occurrences is estimated to be 174,000; they
are located on State lands, including land managed by the National Park
Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park, and privately owned
lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
Tetramolopium rockii is restricted to hardened calcareous sand
dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal spray zone or coastal dry
shrubland and grassland between sea level and 199 m (0 and 653 ft) in
elevation. Native plant species associated with this species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), Heliotropium
anomalum (hinahina), Melanthera integrifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax
odorata, Scaevola sp. (naupaka), Sida fallax, or Sporobolus virginicus
(akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000, Lowrey 1999, Service 1996a).
The major threats to Tetramolopium rockii are habitat degradation
by ungulate (axis deer and cattle) activity and human recreation,
competition with the non-native plant Prosopis pallida (kiawe), and
catastrophic extinction due to fire (57 FR 46325).
Multi-Island Species
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)
Adenophorus periens, a short-lived perennial member of the
grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not
rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in
this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (leaflet)
margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the
placement of the sori (a cluster of spore cases) on the pinnae, and the
degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in dense closed-canopy forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores (minute,
reproductive dispersal unit of ferns) are dispersed by wind, possibly
by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or
[[Page 12988]]
insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate that
their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the
weak differences between seasons, there seems to be no evidence of
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, East Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from
several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is
found in a single occurrence containing seven individuals on private
land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Adenophorus periens is an epiphyte usually growing on
Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, and is found in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Myrsine lessertiana forest at elevations between 811 and
1,508 m (2,660 and 4,946 ft). It is found in habitats of well-
developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high humidity.
Associated native species include Anoectochilus sandvicensis (jewel
orchid), Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu), Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp. (haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Labordia hirtella (NCN), Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Machaerina
angustifolia (uki), Melicope sp., Psychotria spp., Stenogyne
kamehamehae (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium calycinum (ohelo),
or Viola chamissoniana ssp. robusta (pamakani) (HINHP Database 2000,
Linney 1989, Service 1999a).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by
feral pigs and goats, and competition with the non-native plant Psidium
cattleianum (strawberry guava) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59
FR 56333).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)
Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived perennial member of the
soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus
and auwahiensis, both of which are trees with reddish-brown branches
and leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped
leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs only when
young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus and whether young or mature
(persistent) in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis (only found on East
Maui). The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is
distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree
with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 in) or more in diameter (Wagner et al.
1999).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree
that grows in xeric (dry) to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic
drought. Little else is known about the life history of this species.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and
specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).
Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Molokai. On Molokai, it is found
on private land, along the Puu Kolekole jeep road, Kaunakakai Gulch,
and Kamiloloa Gulch in a total of six occurrences containing nine
individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000).
On Molokai, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus typically grows
on talus slopes or in gulches within dry or mesic lowland forest
between elevations of 534 and 1,120 m (1,751 and 3,674 ft). Associated
native plants include Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Myrsine
sp. (kolea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), Pleomele
sp. (halapepe), Psychotria sp., or Streblus pendulina (aiai) (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1997, Wagner et al. 1999).
The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Molokai
include habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from
non-native plant species, such as Melinus minutiflora, Pennisetum
clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Psidium cattleianum, or Schinus
terebinthifolius; damage from the black twig borer (Xylosandrus
compactus); seed predation by rats, mice (Mus domesticus), and insects
(probably the endemic microlepidopteran (small caterpillar) Prays cf.
fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and catastrophic extinction through
a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance (e.g., fire)
due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited
distribution on Molokai (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1997, 57 FR
20772).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning glory family
(Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining
branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of
the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from
other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and
petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this
species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species
was last collected on Molokai in 1918 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock
(HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Bonamia menziesii on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Bonamia menziesii on Molokai.
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)
Brighamia rockii, a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem
that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a
compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This species is a member of a unique
endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai,
from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx
(sepal) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).
Observations of Brighamia rockii by Gemmill (1996) have provided
the following information: The reproductive system is protandrous,
meaning male flower parts are produced before female parts, in this
case, separated by several days; only five percent of the flowers
produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there
are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants have been known to flower at
nine months of age. This species has been observed in flower during
August. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged along the northern coast of
East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on
Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is only extant on Molokai in a total of 5
occurrences with between 121 and 131 individual plants occurring on
State and privately owned lands. It occurs on steep, inaccessible sea
cliffs along East Molokai's northern coastline from Anapuhi Beach to
Wailau Valley on private lands, and on the relatively inaccessible
State-owned sea stack of Huelo, east of Anapuhi Beach (GDSI
[[Page 12989]]
2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
On Molokai, Brighamia rockii is found in rock crevices on steep
basalt sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic
forest, Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) mixed coastal cliff communities
or shrubland, or Pritchardia sp. (loulu) coastal mesic forest between
sea level and 671 m (0 and 2,201 ft) in elevation. Associated native
species include Artemisia sp., Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Carex wahuensis
ssp. wahuensis (NCN), Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans (akoko),
Cocculus orbiculatus (huehue), Cyperus phleoides ssp. phleoides (NCN),
Cyrtomium falcatum (ahina kuahiwi), Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki),
Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis littoralis (NCN), Lepidium bidentatum
var. o-waihiense (anaunau), Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pandanus tectorius (hala), Peucedanum sandwicensis
(makou), Phymatosorus grossus (lauae), Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa),
Pritchardia hillebrandii (loulu), Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis (ohe), Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Schiedea
globosa (NCN), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Tetramolopium spp., or
Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K.
Wood, in litt. 2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation (and
possibly predation) by axis deer and goats; competition with the non-
native plants Cyperus gracilis (McCoy grass), Digitaria ciliaris
(Henry's crabgrass), Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), Ficus microcarpa
(Chinese banyan), Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara (lantana), Oxalis
corniculata (yellow wood sorrel), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea (pigweed), and Solanum seaforthianum (NCN); seed
predation by rats; and lack of pollinators (HINHP Database 2000,
Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)
Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless
flowers. This species is distinguished from Centaurium erythraea
(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and
the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April.
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy
rains. This species appears to be an annual; triggered by declining
photo-period, the plant produces seeds and dies. Medeiros et al. (1999)
noted that in the wild, seedlings first appeared in March and April;
flowers first appeared in April and May; mature capsules were observed
beginning in May and continuing through June; and by the first week of
July, most plants were dead. Little is known about the life history of
this species. Its pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995a).
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
scattered localities on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui.
Currently on Molokai, there are a total of two occurences containing
thousands of individuals, near Mokio Point on privately owned land and
in Kalaupapa National Historical Park on State-owned land managed by
the National Park Service (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et
al. 1999; Chuck Chimera, U.S. Geological Survey, pers. comm., 2000).
On Molokai, Centaurium sebaeoides grows in volcanic or clay soils
or on cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations between sea level and
409 m (0 and 1,341 ft). Associated species include Artemisia sp.,
Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Cyperus phleoides (NCN),
Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus (pili
grass), Jacquemontia ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Lipochaeta heterophylla
(nehe), Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai),
Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melanthera integrifolia,
Panicum fauriei (NCN), Panicum torridum (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea,
Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi (Medeiros et al.
1999, Wagner et al. 1999, 56 FR 55770).
The major threats to this species on Molokai are displacement by
non-native, woody species, such as Casuarina equisetifolia (paina),
Casuarina glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole),
Prosopis pallida, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini (Java
plum), and Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling and
habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; and damage caused by
off-road vehicles (Medeiros et al. 1999).
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm
(0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered
with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk.
Ctenitis squamigera can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian
species of Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its
fronds (Degener and Degener 1957, Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of this species.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998b).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. It is currently
found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. There is currently a single
occurrence with 20 individuals on the island of Molokai in Wawaia Gulch
on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in
litt. 2000).
On Molokai, Ctenitis squamigera is found in mesic forest and gulch
slopes between elevations of 757 and 1,133 m (2,483 and 3,716 ft).
Associated native plant taxa include Carex meyenii, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha,
Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis,
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (maua) (Service 1998b; 59
FR 49025; J. Lau, in litt. 2000).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation
by goats and competition with the non-native plants Melinis minutiflora
and Schinus terebinthifolius (Service 1998b; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau, in
litt. 2000).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived perennial member
of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with pinnately
divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai,
flowering plants have been observed in July and August. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is
known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Molokai, it is found in a
total of two occurrences containing seven individuals in Wailau, Puu
Kahea and Olokui NAR on State-owned lands
[[Page 12990]]
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is typically found in
mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or M.
polymorpha and Acacia koa (koa), or on cliffs, at elevations between 93
and 1,354 m (305 and 4,441 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp.
(hame), Bobea sp. (ahakea), Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Doodia sp. (okupukupu lauii), Freycinetia arborea,
Nephrolepis sp. (kupukupu), Psychotria sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or
Xylosma sp. (maua) (HINHP Database 2000).
The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation and/
or destruction caused by axis deer, feral goats, and pigs; competition
with various non-native plants, such as Clidemia hirta; catastrophic
extinction by randomly naturally occurring events (e.g., fire,
landslides) due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling
by hikers; seed predation by rats; and predation by various species of
slugs (Milax spp.) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)
Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a short-lived perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome
(underground stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted,
obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the
base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the
short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape
of the glumes (floral bracts), and the length of the culms (Koyama
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai,
and scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is
now extant on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. This species was last collected
on Molokai in 1912 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat or native species
associated with Cyperus trachysanthos on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Cyperus trachysanthos on
Molokai.
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia)
Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped
fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having larger
brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins of
the pinna, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins
that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950,
Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is known from a total
of 4 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals in Halawa Valley,
Kahuaawi Gulch, Makolelau, and Onini Gulch on privately owned lands
(HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999a; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
On Molokai, Diellia erecta is found in mixed mesic forest and mesic
Diospyros sandwicensis forest between elevations of 716 and 1,133 m
(2,348 and 3,716 ft). Associated native plant species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma foliosa (pilo), Dodonaea viscosa,
Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia linearis ssp. opposita (naenae),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp.,
Ochrosia compta (holei), Pleomele auwahiensis, Psychotria sp., Sophora
chrysophylla, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Molokai are habitat
degradation by pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with the non-
native plant species Blechnum occidentale (NCN), Fraxinus uhdei
(tropical ash), Melinus minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum, and Ricinus
communis; catastrophic extinction due to random naturally occurring
events; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
existing individuals (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999;
Service 1999a; 59 FR 56333).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived fern in the spleenwort family
(Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome, and green or straw
colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be
distinguished from other species of Diplazium on the Hawaiian Islands
by a combination of characters, including venation pattern, the length
and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection
of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Diplazium molokaiense.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors for Diplazium
molokaiense are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is known only from
Maui. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kaluaaha
Valley by C. N. Forbes (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Diplazium molokaiense was found on steep, rocky, wooded
gulch walls in wet forests between elevations of 97 and 1,349 m (318
and 4,425 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).
There is no information on threats that may affect Diplazium
molokaiense on Molokai (Service 1998a).
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)
Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is
a long-lived perennial tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft)
tall with branch tips covered with dense brown hairs. Eugenia
koolauensis differs from the other species in the genus in having
leaves that are densely hairy on the lower surface and leaf margins
that curve under the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from February to December
in various years. No other information exists on its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
Historically, Eugenia koolauensis was known from Maunaloa on
western Molokai and from Oahu. Currently, this species is extant on
Oahu. It was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from the west end of the
island by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Eugenia koolauensis was found in rocky gulches or on
gentle slopes with deep soil between 475 and 992 m (1,558 and 3,254 ft)
in elevation. Associated native plant species include Diospyros
sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Nesoluma polynesicum,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, or Xylosma hawaiiense (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Eugenia koolauensis on
Molokai is unknown.
[[Page 12991]]
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae),
is a large tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in diameter
with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This
species is usually dioecious (having separate male and female plants)
and is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii. It can be
distinguished from other Hawaiian species in the family by its hairless
whitish lower leaf surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999, Service
1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this
species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Hayden 1999, Service 1999a).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Molokai, Oahu,
Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on
Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. This species was last collected on
Molokai in 1931 from Waihii by G. W. Russ (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Flueggea neowawraea occurred in gulches in mesic forest
between 450 and 840 m (1,476 and 2,755 ft) in elevation (J. Lau, in
litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Flueggea neowawraea on
Molokai is unknown.
Hedyotis mannii (pilo)
Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
short-lived perennial with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1
to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged.
This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the
shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which
opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
Historically and currently, Hedyotis mannii is found on Lanai, West
Maui, and Molokai. After an absence of 50 years, this species was
rediscovered on Molokai in 1987 by Steve Perlman on private land in
Kawela Gulch in TNCH's Kamakou Preserve. Only one occurrence of five
plants is known to exist in this area (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hedyotis mannii grows on dark, narrow, rocky gulch
walls in mesic and perhaps wet forests at 593 to 1,212 m (1,945 to
3,975 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include Cibotium sp.,
Cyanea sp., Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1996a, Wagner et al. 1999).
The threats to Hedyotis mannii on Molokai are habitat degradation
by feral pigs; competition with the non-native plant Melinis
minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction through random environmental
events to which the limited number of individuals are extremely
vulnerable (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial member of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands
1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus
differs from other Hesperomannia species in having the following
combination of characters: Erect to ascending flower heads, thick
flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from April through June
and in fruit during March and June. No other information is available
on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
(Service 1998c).
Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai,
and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On
Molokai, one occurrence of three individuals is known from private land
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges
in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland forest or
mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-M. polymorpha lowland forest transition
zones between 175 and 959 m (574 and 3,146 ft) in elevation. Associated
native species include Antidesma sp., Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cibotium glaucum, Clermontia pallida (oha
wai), Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau
nui), Elaphoglossum sp. (ekaha), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis sp.,
Ilex anomala, Myrsine sp., Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Pipturus sp., Psychotria mauiensis (kopiko), Smilax melastomifolia (hoi
kuahiwi), Thelypteris sp. (palapalaia), Urera glabra, or Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Molokai are
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and humans; competition with
non-native plants, such as Clidemia hirta, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Rubus
rosifolius; and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental
events or reduced reproductive vigor resulting from this species'
limited numbers (HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 14482).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having the
following combination of characteristics: Yellow petals, a calyx
consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib,
bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules (leaf bracts) that
fall off, leaving an elliptical scar. Three subspecies of Hibiscus
brackenridgei are now recognized: ssp. brackenridgei, molokaiana, and
mokuleianus. Subspecies molokaiana was found on the island of Molokai.
At the time when we listed this species in 1994, only two subspecies,
brackenridgei and mokuleianus, were recognized. Subsequent to the final
rule listing this species in 1994, we became aware of Wilson's (1993)
taxonomic treatment of this group, in which Hibiscus brackenridgei var.
molokaiana was changed to subspecies status and recognized as distinct
from Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. Wilson's (1993)
treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the
``Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'' as the basis for
recognizing Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. We will address
this name change in a future Federal Register document (Bates 1999,
HINHP Database 2000, Wagner et al. 1999, Wilson 1993).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else
is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination vectors,
seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was known from
Molokai and is currently found on Oahu. This subspecies was last
collected on Molokai in 1920 from Laau
[[Page 12992]]
Point by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana occurred on
slopes in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 11 to 467 m (36 to
1,531 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may affect Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
molokaiana on Molokai is unknown (Service 1999a).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Ischaemum byrone, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
short-lived perennial species with creeping underground and erect
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower
units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a two-or three-tiered
inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Ischaemum byrone was historically distributed on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. On Molokai, there are a total
of 2 occurrences containing between 100 and 1,000 individuals located
in Wailau Valley and the eastern edge of Kikipua on privately owned
lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 10305).
On Molokai, Ischaemum byrone is found in coastal dry shrubland or
Artemisia sp. cliff communities, near the ocean, among rocks or on
basalt cliffs or talus slopes, at elevations between sea level and 238
m (0 and 781 ft). Associated taxa include Bidens molokaiensis (NCN),
Fimbristylis cymosa, Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana, or
Pandanus tectorius (hala) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000,
O'Connor 1999).
The threats to Ischaemum byrone on Molokai are competition by non-
native grasses, particularly Digitaria ciliaris; predation by goats and
axis deer; and elimination and degradation of habitat through fire and
residential development (Service 1996b).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived perennial member of the
violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. It is
distinguished from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow
flowers and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species drops all but the newest
leaves. After sufficient rain, the plants produce flowers with seeds
ripening one to two months later. No further information is available
on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service
1996c).
Isodendrion pyrifolium was known historically from Kauai, Oahu,
Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, this species is
only extant on the island of Hawaii. It was last collected on Molokai
in the 1800s (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Isodendrion pyrifolium was found in dry shrublands at
low elevations between 69 and 422 m (226 and 1,384 ft). Associated
native plant species included Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa,
Heteropogon contortus, or Leptecophylla tameiameiae (HINHP Database
2000; Wagner et al. 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Information on threats that may have affected Isodendrion
pyrifolium on Molokai is unknown (Service 1996a).
Mariscus fauriei (NCN)
Mariscus fauriei, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a
short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems
and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20
in) tall. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by
its smaller size and its narrower, flattened, and more spreading
spikelets (flower clusters) (Koyama 1999, 59 FR 56333).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Historically, Mariscus fauriei was found on east Molokai, Lanai,
and Hawaii Island. This species is no longer extant on Lanai. Currently
on Molokai, there is one occurrence with 20 to 30 plants above
Kamiloloa on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Mariscus fauriei typically grows in Diospyros
sandwicensis-dominated lowland dry forests, often on a lava substrate,
at elevations between 436 and 1,120 m (1,430 and 3,673 ft). Associated
species include Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Psydrax odorata, or
Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao) (HINHP Database 2000, Koyama 1999).
The threats to Mariscus fauriei on Molokai include predation and
habitat degradation by feral goats and axis deer. Because there is only
one known occurrence on Molokai, the species is also threatened by the
risk of extinction through random environmental events and through
reduced reproductive vigor (Service 1996b, 59 FR 56333).
Marsilea villosa (ihiihi)
Marsilea villosa, a member of the marsilea family (Marsileaceae),
is a short-lived perennial aquatic to semi-aquatic fern, similar in
appearance to a four-leaved clover. The leaves are borne in pairs along
a thin rhizome. A hard sporocarp (hard-walled case containing male and
female spores) is borne at the base of a leaf pair. The plant occurs
either in scattered clumps or as a dense interwoven mat, depending on
the competition with other species for limited habitat resources. The
species is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii and is closely
related to Marsilea vestita (NCN) of the western coast of the United
States (Service 1996c).
Marsilea villosa requires periodic flooding for spore release and
fertilization, then a decrease in water level for the young plants to
establish, and finally dry soil for sporocarps to mature. Shading
reduces the vigor of Marsilea villosa. No other life history
information is known for this species (Service 1996c).
Marsilea villosa was known historically from Oahu, Molokai, and
Niihau. Currently, it is found only on Oahu and Molokai. On Molokai,
there are four occurrences with an unspecified number of individuals
located at Kamaka ipo, Ilio Point, Kaiehu Point, and from Kaeo to Mokio
on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Marsilea villosa typically occurs in shallow
depressions in clay soil or lithified sand dunes overlain with alluvial
clay. All reported populations occur at elevations between 125 and 172
m (410 and 564 ft). While Marsilea villosa can withstand minimal
shading, it appears most vigorous growing in open areas. The associated
native vegetation with Marsilea villosa on Molokai includes Centaurium
sebaeoides, Heteropogon contortus, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax,
Tetramolopium sylvae (pamakani), or Waltheria indica (uhaloa) (Service
1996c).
The threats to Marsilea villosa on Molokai are the destruction of
natural hydrology; encroachment and competition from naturalized, non-
native plants such as Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Chamaecrista
nictitans
[[Page 12993]]
(partridge pea), Digitaria insularis, Lantana camara, and Prosopis
pallida; damage by off-road vehicles or by grazing cattle and axis
deer; habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation through
development, fire, and trampling by humans and introduced mammals; and
catastrophic extinction from random environmental events and from
reduced reproductive vigor due to few occurrences and small occurrence
sizes (Service 1996c, 57 FR 27863).
Melicope mucronulata (alani)
Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 13 ft (4 m) tall with oval to
elliptic-oval leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower
cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness
of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997).
First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata
was not relocated until 1983. On Molokai, two occurrences of three
individuals were found two years later in Kupaia on the privately owned
Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Stone et al. 1999).
On Molokai, Melicope mucronulata occurs on steep, west- or north-
facing slopes in mesic Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, M. polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa shrubland, or M. polymorpha-
Leptechophylla tameiameiae shrubland between elevations of 199 and
1,143 m (653 and 3,749 ft). Associated native species include Alyxia
oliviformis, Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Coprosma foliosa, Hedyotis
terminalis, Melicope hawaiensis (alani), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea),
Nestegis sandwicensis, Ochrosia compta, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Phyllanthus sp. (NCN), Pleomele auwahiensis, Pittosporum sp., or
Psychotria mariniana (kopiko) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, in litt.
2001).
On Molokai, the major threat to the continued existence of this
species is catastrophic extinction from random environmental events due
to the few extant occurrences and small number of individuals. Habitat
degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with
non-native plants, particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose
immediate threats to this species (Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).
Melicope munroi (alani)
Melicope munroi, a long lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth
of this species has minute hairs. This species differs from other
Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length
of the inflorescence (flower cluster) stalk (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope munroi. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 2001).
Historically, this species was known from the Lanaihale summit
ridge of Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai. Currently, Melicope munroi
is only known from Lanai. This species was last collected on Molokai in
1910 by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plants
associated with Melicope munroi on Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Melicope munroi on Molokai.
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial and a member of the
nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with
densely hairy branches. The lower leaf surface is densely covered with
irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. Neraudia
sericea differs from the other four species of this endemic Hawaiian
genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the
lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Maui,
and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is found only on Maui and
Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence of 50 to 100 individuals is known
from Makolelau on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database
2000).
On Molokai, Neraudia sericea generally occurs on gulch slopes and
gulch bottoms in lowland dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea
viscosa-Leptechophylla tameiameiae shrubland or forest between 691 and
1,043 m (2,266 and 3,421 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant
species include Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis sp., or
Pleomele auwahiensis (HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al. 1999; J. Lau,
in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Molokai are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the non-native
plant Melinus minutiflora; and catastrophic extinction through random
environmental events due to the vulnerability of a single population
(Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Peucedanum sandwicense, a short-lived perennial member of the
parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow
stems arise from a short, vertical stem with several fleshy roots. This
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995b).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. In 1990, it was discovered on Oahu. On
Molokai, five occurrences are known from private and State-owned lands
in Pelekunu Valley, on Huelo Islet and Mokapu Islet, and State-owned
lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park. The 5 occurrences total approximately 50 individuals
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood, in litt.
2000).
On Molokai, Peucedanum sandwicense grows in cliff habitats in brown
soil and talus in Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans-Chenopodium
oahuense coastal dry shrubland or Diospyros sandwicensis forest from
sea level to above 840 m (0 to 2,755 ft) in elevation. Peucedanum
sandwicense is associated with native species such as Artemisia
australis (ahinahina), Dianella sandwicensis, Eragrostis sp. (kawelu),
Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Melathera integrifolia,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Peperomia remyi
(NCN), Pittosporum halophilum, Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai
nui), Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Portulaca lutea (ihi), Pritchardia
hillebrandii, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum
(iliahialoe), Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Senna gaudichaudii,
or Sida fallax (Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP
[[Page 12994]]
Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Major threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Molokai are seed
predation by rats and competition with the non-native plant species
Ageratum conyzoides (maile hohono), Coronopus didymus (swinecress),
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Malvastrum coromandelianum ssp.
coromandelianum (false mallow), Morinda citrifolia (noni), Plantago
lanceolata (English plantain), Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea, Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (NCN), Schinus
terebinthifolius, and Sonchus oleraceus (pualele) (Service 1995b; 59 FR
9304; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Phyllostegia mannii, a short-lived perennial and nonaromatic member
of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched,
four-sided, hairy stems. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by its hairiness; its thin, narrow leaves, which are not
pinnately divided; and the usually six flowers per false whorl in a
terminal inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in fruit in July. Little is known
about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1996a).
Historically, Phyllostegia mannii was found from Hanalilolilo to
Ohialele on East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Maui. It has not been
seen on Maui for over 70 years and is apparently extirpated on that
island. On Molokai, this species is now known from only one occurrence
on Puu Alii on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000,
Service 1996a).
On Molokai, Phyllostegia mannii grows in shaded sites in sometimes
foggy and windswept, wet, open Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane forest with a native shrub and Cibotium sp. understory between
590 and 1,508 m (1,935 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated plant
species include Asplenium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea sp., Dicranopteris linearis,
Hedyotis hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria sp., Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium sp., or Wikstroemia sp.
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).
The only known occurrence of Phyllostegia mannii is threatened by
habitat destruction and degradation by feral pigs. A single natural or
human-caused environmental event could extirpate the species (Service
1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, non-aromatic,
perennial herb. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the
kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and
details of the various plant parts separate this species from other
members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately five
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little
is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998b).
Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and
East Maui. Currently, this species is found only on Oahu and Maui. It
was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kamakou Preserve by J. F.
Rock (HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Phyllostegia mollis typically grew in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha forests between 551 and 1,216 m (1,807 and
3,988 ft) in elevation (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected Phyllostegia
mollis on Molokai.
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from
the base. The four varieties, vars. anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,
and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. However,
individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September
(Service 1999a).
Plantago princeps was historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, and Hawaii Island. It no longer occurs on Hawaii Island. Plantago
princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var.
longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is known
from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On
Molokai, there is currently one remaining occurrence of Plantago
princeps var. laxiflora with five individuals in Kawela Gulch on
privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on
streambanks in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest between 592
and 1,213 m (1,942 and 3,979 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species
include Coprosma sp., Cyanea sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris
unidentata, Pipturus albidus, or Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), (Wagner
et al. 1999; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Molokai
are predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and
competition with various non-native plant species (Service 1999a, 59 FR
56333).
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Platanthera holochila, a short-lived perennial member of the orchid
family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from
underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance-to egg-shaped, and
the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. It is distinguished
by other Hawaiian orchids by its underground tubers that lack roots at
the nodes or pseudobulbs, and the shape and length of its dorsal sepal.
This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian
Islands (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999a).
Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu,
Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, P. holochila is extant on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui. On Molokai, one occurrence with less than 10
individuals is reported from Hanalilolilo on the privately owned land
of Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Platanthera holochila is found on slightly sloping
ridgetops in Metrosideros polymorpha-
[[Page 12995]]
Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed montane bog
between 551 and 1,382 m (1,807 and 4,532 ft) in elevation. Associated
native plants include Cibotium sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or
Oreobolus furcatus (NCN) (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Molokai are habitat
degradation and destruction by feral pigs, competition with non-native
plants, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or
reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining
occurrences and individuals. Predation by non-native slugs may also be
a potential threat to this species (Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft)
tall. Pteris lidgatei can be distinguished from other species of Pteris
in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency
of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments
instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner
1992).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and West
Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. It was last
collected on Molokai in 1912 from the slopes of Olokui by C. N. Forbes
(HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Pteris lidgatei grew on steep streambanks between 78
and 1,266 m (256 and 4,152 ft) in elevation in wet forest (HINHP
Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected Pteris
lidgatei on Molokai (Service 1998a).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Schiedea nuttallii, a long-lived perennial member of the pink
family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence,
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea nuttallii is
hermaphroditic (flowers contain both male and female parts). Plants on
Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be
long-lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing (requires
cross-pollination) species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to
set seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting that this species requires
insects for pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet
season but can be found throughout the year. Little else is known about
the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dipersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a; Weller
et al. 1990; Kapua Kawelo, U.S. Deptartment of Defense, Army
Environmental, in litt. 1999).
Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations
on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, populations occur on
Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence with 22
individuals of Schiedea nuttallii is reported on private lands (GDSI
2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Schiedea nuttallii typically grows in streamside
grottos in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest at
elevations between 677 and 1,423 m (2,220 and 4,667 ft). Associated
plants include Asplenium lobulatum (piipii lau manamana), Asplenium
macraei (iwaiwa lau lii), Asplenium unilaterale (pamoho) Cyrtandra
hawaiiensis (haiwale), Thelypteris sandwicensis (NCN), or Vandenboschia
davallioides (palai hihi) (J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
Schiedea nuttallii on Molokai is seriously threatened by
competition with several non-native plants; predation by the black twig
borer, slugs, and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events (e.g., landslides) and/or from reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1999a, 61 FR
53108).
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived perennial member of the pea
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets, which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon colored tinged with yellow, orange-red,
scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic
Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban
(Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and
calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa has been studied by
David Hopper, University of Hawaii. His findings suggest that, although
many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of successful
pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus Hylaeus and
that occurrences at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-
limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring
rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other
aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999a).
Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on six of the eight main
Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii
Island) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker
islands). It is no longer found on Niihau and Lanai. On Molokai,
Sesbania tomentosa is known from 9 occurrences with over 2,000
individuals, occurring from Moomomi to Nenehanaupo and from Kamiloloa
to Makolekau on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP
Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
On Molokai, Sesbania tomentosa is found in Scaevola sericea coastal
dry shrubland on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and weathered basaltic
slopes between sea level and 516 m (0 and 1,692 ft) in elevation.
Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Jacquemontia
ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Melanthera integrifolia, or Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Molokai are
competition with various non-native plant species, such as Lantana
camara and grass species; habitat degradation by feral cattle; lack of
adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice, and potentially
non-native insects; and destruction by random environmental events
(e.g., fire) and human activities (e.g., off-road vehicles) (Service
1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Silene lanceolata (NCN)
Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to
20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The flowers are white with
deeply-lobed, clawed petals. This species is distinguished from S.
alexandri, the only other member of the genus found on Molokai, by its
smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are
[[Page 12996]]
shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a).
The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian
Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. Silene lanceolata is
presently found on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On
Molokai, one occurrence of approximately 100 individuals was found in
1987 on private land near Puu Kolekole (GDSI 2000; Service 1996a; K.
Wood, in litt. 1999).
On Molokai, Silene lanceolata grows on gulch slopes, ridge tops,
and cliffs in dry to mesic shrubland between 581 and 1,043 m (1,906 and
3,421 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include Bidens
menziesii, Carex wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Dubautia linearis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha,
or Schiedea spp. (NCN) (Service 1996a; J. Lau, in litt. 2001; K. Wood,
in litt. 1999).
Habitat destruction by feral ungulates (goats and pigs), wildfires,
and competition by invading non-native plants are immediate threats to
Silene lanceolata on Molokai (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)
Solanum incompletum, a short-lived perennial member of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower
leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes
with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces.
This species differs from other native members of the genus by being
generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved
anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8
in) in diameter (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum incompletum. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (59 FR 56333).
Historically, Solanum incompletum was known from Lanai, Maui, and
the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known
distribution of Solanum incompletum also extended to the islands of
Kauai and Molokai. Currently, the species is only known from the island
of Hawaii. It is unclear when the last individual was collected on
Molokai (HINHP Database 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Solanum incompletum on the island of Molokai.
Nothing is known of the threats to Solanum incompletum on Molokai.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves are dissected
into narrow, lance-shaped divisions. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the
only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from
other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with
an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, there is
one known occurrence with approximately 600 individuals on privately
owned land in Kamalo (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59
FR 56333).
On Molokai, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from ridge crests and
gulch slopes in dry to mesic shrublands at elevations between 432 and
972 m (1,416 and 3,188 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea
viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha (J. Lau,
in litt. 2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Molokai are
habitat degradation by feral goats; competition with various non-native
plants, such as Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, and grasses; and
habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events,
such as erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering
(Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf
is made up of three leaflets, which vary in shape from round to linear.
This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish
petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be
slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999a).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
it is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and
the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, 2 occurrences with approximately 16
individuals occur on privately owned lands at Onini Gulch and Makolelau
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
On Molokai, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic grassland and
shrubland between 516 and 1,041 m (1,692 and 3,414 ft) in elevation.
Associated plant species include Chenopodium oahuense, Cyperus
laevigatus (makaloa), Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis,
Heteropogon contortus, Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, or Vitex rotundifolia
(pohinahina) (Geesink et al. 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).
The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Molokai are competition
with various non-native plant species and a risk of extinction due to
random environmental events (primarily fire) and/or reduced
reproductive vigor because of the small number of existing occurrences
and individuals (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial in the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a medium-sized tree with pale to dark gray bark and
lemon-scented leaves. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian members
of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar
size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with
a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island
of Hawaii. On Molokai, the four occurrences with a
[[Page 12997]]
total of five individuals are located at Makolelau and Puu Hoi Ridge on
private lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).
On Molokai, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is found on gulch slopes in
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis forest between
754 and 1,084 m (2,473 and 3,555 ft) in elevation. Associated species
include Alyxia oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pleomele auwahiensis, or Psychotria spp. (HINHP
Database 2000; Stone et al. 1999; 59 FR 10305; J. Lau, in litt. 2001).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Molokai include browsing,
grazing, and trampling by feral goats; competition with non-native
plant species; habitat degradation and destruction by humans; and
extinction from naturally occurring events (primarily fire) and/or from
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and
occurrences (Service 1996b, 59 FR 10305).
A summary of occurrences and landownership for the 51 plant species
reported from the island of Molokai is given in Table 2.
Table 2.--Summary of Existing Occurrences on Molokai and of Landownership for 51 Species Reported From Molokai
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Landownership
Species current -----------------------------------------
occurrences Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Alectryon macrococcus.................................... 6 ............ X X
Bidens wiebkei........................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Bonamia menzeisii........................................ 0 ............ ............ ............
Brighamia rockii......................................... 5 ............ X X
Canavalia molokaiensis................................... 7 ............ X* X
Centaurium sebaeoides.................................... 2 ............ X* X
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes.................... 5 ............ ............ X
Ctenitis squamigera...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Cyanea dunbarii.......................................... 1 ............ X ............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana........................ 2 ............ X ............
Cyanea mannii............................................ 8 ............ X X
Cyanea procera........................................... 5 ............ X X
Cyperus trachysanthos.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Diellia erecta........................................... 4 ............ ............ X
Diplazium molokaiense.................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Eugenia koolauensis...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Flueggea neowawraea...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Hedyotis mannii.......................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Hesperomannia arborescens................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus.................... 3 ............ X X
Hibiscus brackenridgei................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Ischaemum byrone......................................... 2 ............ ............ X
Isodendrion pyrifolium................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Labordia triflora........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Lysimachia maxima........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Mariscus fauriei......................................... 1 ............ X ............
Marsilea villosa......................................... 4 ............ X X
Melicope mucronulata..................................... 2 ............ ............ X
Melicope munroi.......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Melicope reflexa......................................... 3 ............ X X
Neraudia sericea......................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Peucedanum sandwicense................................... 5 ............ X* X
Phyllostegia mannii...................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Phyllostegia mollis...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Plantago princeps........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Platanthera holochila.................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Pritchardia munroi....................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Pteris lidgatei.......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Schiedea lydgatei........................................ 4 ............ X X
Schiedea nuttallii....................................... 1 ............ ............ X
Schiedea sarmentosa...................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Sesbania tomentosa....................................... 9 ............ X X
Silene alexandri......................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Silene lanceolata........................................ 1 ............ ............ X
Solanum incompletum...................................... 0 ............ ............ ............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.................................. 1 ............ ............ X
Stenogyne bifida......................................... 5 ............ ............ X
Tetramolopium rockii..................................... 4 ............ X* X
Vigna o-wahuensis........................................ 2 ............ ............ X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense................................... 2 ............ ............ X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Some occurrences are on State land that is managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National
Historical Park and/or the U.S. Coast Guard Reservation at Kalaupapa.
[[Page 12998]]
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A. macrococcum
var. macrococcum and A. mahoe), Bidens wiebkei, Bonamia menziesii,
Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Flueggea neowawraea (as
Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hedyotis mannii (as H. thyrsoidea var.
thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia arborescens (as H. arborescens var. bushiana
and var. swezeyi), Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (as H.
immaculatus), Hibiscus brackenridgei (as H. brackenridgei var.
brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from Hawaii''), Ischaemum
byrone, Marsilea villosa, Melicope reflexa (as P. reflexa), Neraudia
sericea (as N. kahoolawensis), Peucedanum sandwicense (as P.
kauaiense), Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. elata, var.
laxifolia, var. princeps), Sesbania tomentosa (as S. hobdyi and S.
tomentosa var. tomentosa), Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Solanum
incompletum (as S. haleakalense and S. incompletum var. glabratum, var.
incompletum, and var. mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as V. sandwicensis
var. heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as Z. hawaiiense var. citiodora) were considered endangered; Diellia
erecta and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and
var. velutinosum) were considered threatened; and Ctenitis squamigera,
Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora,
Melicope mucronulata (as Pelea mucronulata), Melicope munroi (as Pelea
munroi), Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. acaulis, var.
denticulata, and var. queleniana), and Tetramolopium rockii were
considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the
Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian
report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section
4(b)(3)) of the Act, and we gave notice of our intention to review the
status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on
June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41
FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the
Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the
above taxa except Labordia triflora and Melicope munroi. The list of
1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data
received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to
House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register
publication (40 FR 27823).
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals
already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice
in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the
June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four
other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of
Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27,
1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993
(58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). We listed the 51
species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of
the listing actions can be found in Tables 3(a) and 3(b).
Table 3(a).--Summary of Listing Actions for 51 Plant Species From Molokai
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed listing rule Final listing rule
Species Federal -------------------------------------------------------------------
Status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens........... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Alectryon macrococcus......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Bidens wiebkei................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Bonamia menzeisii............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Brighamia rockii.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Canavalia molokaiensis........ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Centaurium sebaeoides......... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
brevipes.
Ctenitis squamigera........... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Cyanea dunbarii............... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
grimesiana.
Cyanea mannii................. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Cyanea procera................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Cyperus trachysanthos......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Diellia erecta................ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Diplazium molokaiense......... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932
Eugenia koolauensis........... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Flueggea neowawraea........... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Hedyotis mannii............... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Hesperomannia arborescens..... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
immaculatus.
Hibiscus brackenridgei........ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Isodendrion pyrifolium........ T 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Ischaemum byrone.............. E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Labordia triflora............. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Lysmachia maxima.............. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51436 10/10/96 61 FR 53130
Mariscus fauriei.............. E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Marsilea villosa.............. E 02/15/91 56 FR 6349 06/22/92 57 FR 27863
[[Page 12999]]
Melicope mucronulata.......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Melicope munroi............... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Melicope reflexa.............. E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Neraudia sericea.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Peucedanum sandwicense........ T 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 9304
Phyllostegia mannii........... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Phyllostegia mollis........... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Plantago princeps............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Platanthera holochila......... E